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              <text>http://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/digital-resources/lecture-new-russian-protest-movement-and-cultural-policy</text>
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                <text>Photo and Lecture: The New Russian Protest Movement and Cultural Policy</text>
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                <text>Activist Artemy Troitsky gave a recent lecture at the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies. Bridging together the fields of history, visual arts, and journalism,  the attached lecture is an excellent example of the kind of contemporary interdisciplinary work that the center does.  Like most lectures at the Center, this one too begins with a discussion of Soviet origins and history. Not only was the lecture offered on-site, but also is entirely online and is accessible to anyone with a computer. The work that Harvard does in Russian studies is available to the American public at large.  </text>
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                <text>"Lecture: The New Russian Protest Movement and Cultural Policy." Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies. Given, February 21, 2013. Accessed May 5, 2014. &lt;http://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/digital-resources/lecture-new-russian-protest-movement-and-cultural-policy&gt;</text>
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                <text>Linda Buehler</text>
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                <text>February 21, 2013. </text>
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                <text>Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky</text>
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                <text>Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) was one of the most famous Russian-born classical music composers. He played a significant role in the establishment and development of a national musical culture. As a professor at the Moscow Conservatory, he worked fruitlessly disseminate Russian classical music. As a composer, Tchaikovsky wrote some of the greatest masterpieces of all time which are still popular today including "The Nutcracker", "Swan Lake", and "Sleeping Beauty".  In recognition of his musical genius and efforts, the government officially added his name to the Moscow Conservatory which became the Moscow 'Tchaikovsky' State Conservatory after 1940. &#13;
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                <text>Arielle Rabinowitz</text>
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                <text>James Bakst, "A History of Russian-Soviet Music." New York: Dodd, Mean &amp; Company, 1966, 181-232.&#13;
"Pytor Ilich Tchaikovsky," accessed May 5, 2014, http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/tchaikovsky.php.</text>
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                <text>1840-1893</text>
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                <text>220 years of the USSR Academy of Sciences</text>
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                <text>A stencil celebrating the 200th anniversary of the Academy</text>
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                <text>Vladimir Alekseevich Milashevskii</text>
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                <text>http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/192623</text>
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                <text>Putin on a bear -- a Russian Meme </text>
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                <text>http://i.imgur.com/cgUR9F1.jpg&#13;
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                <text>This is one of your author’s favorite Russia memes, because of the amount of meaning embedded into the image. The text implies that while Americans fight over their gun rights (“right to bear arms”), Russians are living in a parallel universe where gun rights are the least exciting part. They live in Meme Russia, where based on dashcam videos, every ride in a car is like in a video game, where the president goes hunting while shirtless and finds treasure while scuba-diving, and where giant meteors hit random towns. In short, Russians have the right to “whole bear.” This statement also really gets to the heart of the Internet’s relation with Russia – while memes certainly make fun of Russia, one can’t but notice that the nerdy young males propagating these memes are at least a little envious of a land where adventure is not just confined to video games. This meme also hits on other parts of Meme Russia, prominently displaying “Badass Putin” and through its textual humor also alluding to the Russian reversal, thus displaying the recontextualization of Soviet Russia from “advanced, feared adversary status” into a land of humorous barbarism.  </text>
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                <text>Kunstkamera</text>
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                <text>This is the first home of the Russian Academy of Sciences, built in the 1710s. Peter the Great had it constructed in conjunction with his establishment of the Academy. What is most notable about this facility is how nice it is—clearly Peter places a great deal of importance on this organization, and therefore it must have modern and beautiful facilities. Beyond just the exterior beauty, it was built specifically for scientific work as a museum and for the Academy. This dedication to providing for scientific research, especially for the initial founding of an organization with nothing to show for itself at the time, demonstrates how far ahead Peter was looking into the future. The foundation he established here with the Academy would yield great dividends for Russia and the Soviet Union in times to come.</text>
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                <text>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstkamera</text>
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                <text>Dashcam Advertisement by Subaru</text>
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                <text>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-K-zDK4wrI4</text>
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                <text>This video, titled “Who let her behind the wheel?” is of note because it marks a synthesis of Russian jokes, by both insider and outsider perspectives. It’s a viral video that has gotten 12 million views on Youtube, starring a young woman who hits a dog while driving, exits to examine the dog, and then, while she’s not paying attention, the dog hops into the drivers’ seat and begins driving. In doing so, the video combines the humor of a Russian reversal with that of a dashcam video. What complicates the story is that unlike most dashcam videos, its low-tech aesthetics are a sham – what begins looking like a homemade video by the end is revealed to be an ad by Subaru, a Japanese car company. Thus an outsider is selling cars to Russia by using a meme that is used to sell Russia to the outside world.&#13;
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                <text>Фролова, Екатерина. "Кто пустил ее за руль?." . Youtube, 23 April 2014. Web. 5 May 2014. &lt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-K-zDK4wrI4&gt;.</text>
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                <text>Mendeleev's table of the elements</text>
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                <text>This is a picture of the periodic table located adjacent to a statue of Dmitri Mendeleev in St. Petersburg. Mendeleev pioneered the structure of the table, which greatly increased understanding of chemical interactions. The periodic table is an example of Russian scientific exploration breaking new ground, setting the state for future progress. The only reason Mendeleev was not inducted into the Russian Academy of Sciences is moral objections due to his rapid remarriage following his divorce. The insight of periodicity in elemental behavior accurately predicted discovery of elements later on. Numerous distinctions awarded today are named after him. The Russian Academy of Sciences awards a medal named after Mendeleev to significant work each year in chemistry, there is a subway line named after him, and a chemistry university named after him. The amount of recognition he still gets 150 years afterwards shows how much his work in science is valued by the nation.</text>
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sankt_Petersburg_Dmitri_Iwanowitsch_Mendelejew.jpg</text>
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                <text>6 March 1869</text>
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                <text>This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.</text>
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                <text>FSB Blogger Cartoon</text>
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                <text>Due to the most recent internet law, Russia is now cracking down on bloggers and other internet freedoms. This cartoon depicts negatively FSB surveillance as a way to criticize the law.</text>
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                <text>Victor Davidoff, “An Internet Censorship Law Right out of 1984,” The Moscow Times, April 27, 2014, accessed May 4, 2014, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/an-internet-censorship-law-right-out-of-1984/498982.html. </text>
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                <text>April 2014, when the law passed the State Duma</text>
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                <text>Claire Carter, “Olympic Charter: Google Doodle Enters Sochi Gay Rights Debate,” Telegraph, February 7, 2914, accessed May 4, 2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/google-doodle/10623519/Olympic-Charter-Google-Doodle-enters-Sochi-gay-rights-debate.html.</text>
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                <text>Crimea Google Maps</text>
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                <text>March 2014 and Putin's signing of the treaty annexing Crimea</text>
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                <text>Crimea is portrayed differently on Google Maps depending on whether you are in Russia or not.</text>
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                <text>“Google Maps Marks Crimea as Russia...But Only in Russia,” RT, April 11, 2014, accessed May 4, 2014, http://rt.com/news/google-maps-crimea-russian-924/.</text>
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                <text>The Purchase of Russian Alaska</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Although the American purchase of Alaska occurred after the Civil War, the treaty came about as a result of the same diplomatic circumstances that brought about Russo-American cooperation during the Civil War. The antagonism between Russia and Britain had played a significant role in fostering Russia&amp;rsquo;s open diplomatic support for the Union, and fears of war over Poland had driven Russia to send its fleet on their 1863 visit to the United States.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;In fact, Russia had been hoping to dispose of Alaska in some way even before the Civil War, out of fear that the United Kingdom could easily seize it.&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alaska%20Item.docx#_ftn1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; Selling the territory to the United States, according to both Clay and the Russian minister to the United States, would in fact play a dual role in countering British power on the Pacific. In addition to keeping Alaska out of the hands of the British, the sale of Alaska may have been driven by the hope of &amp;ldquo;expulsion of England from the whole Pacific coast of North America.&amp;rdquo;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alaska%20Item.docx#_ftn2"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; As with Russian alignment against Britain and France during the Civil War, the exigencies of geopolitics played a significant role in fostering this agreement over Alaska.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Famously, the purchase of Alaska by the United States was greeted with much derision at the time. Despite some public outcry over purchasing the &amp;ldquo;Russian Fairyland,&amp;rdquo;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alaska%20Item.docx#_ftn3"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; the annexation of Alaska was indeed secured in 1867 for the sum of $7.2 million.&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alaska%20Item.docx#_ftn4"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br clear="all" /&gt;&lt;hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alaska%20Item.docx#_ftnref1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; Benjamin Platt Thomas, &lt;em&gt;Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867&lt;/em&gt;. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930), 145.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alaska%20Item.docx#_ftnref2"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;Ibid&lt;/em&gt;, 165n66.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alaska%20Item.docx#_ftnref3"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; Thomas A. Bailey. &lt;em&gt;America Faces Russia &lt;/em&gt;(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1950)&lt;em&gt;, &lt;/em&gt;103.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alaska%20Item.docx#_ftnref4"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;Ibid&amp;cedil; &lt;/em&gt;102.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Thomas A. Bailey.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;America Faces Russia.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1950.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Benjamin Platt Thomas,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867&lt;/em&gt;. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>1867</text>
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                <text>The Russian Fleet Comes to America</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; On September 24, 1863, Russian ships suddenly appeared off the coast of New York City. Although the appearance of a foreign navy during the Civil War might seem to have been menacing, both the American government and private society welcomed the presence of the Russian fleet.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Both the diplomatic reception to an unexpected naval visit and the lavish private receptions in New York City demonstrate the extent to which Russia had been established as a friendly power. One reception for the Russian officers served &amp;ldquo;twelve thousand oysters, twelve hundred game birds, and three thousand five hundred bottles of wine.&amp;rdquo;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Russian%20Fleet%20Item.docx#_ftn1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; The official receptions were no less dramatic, and Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles gave the Russians open access to visit the Brooklyn navy yard.&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Russian%20Fleet%20Item.docx#_ftn2"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; In December, Secretary Seward received the Russians in Washington, D.C., and Mary Todd Lincoln herself gave &amp;ldquo;a toast to the health of the Czar.&amp;rdquo;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Russian%20Fleet%20Item.docx#_ftn3"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; The warm reception reiterated the level of friendship between the two countries, such that a Russian fleet could suddenly arrive on the East Coast and be feted.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Russia&amp;rsquo;s dispatch of ships to New York, and later San Francisco, came not necessarily as a show of support for the Union, but rather out of fear of British and French intervention in Poland. Since the United States had declined interest in intervention on behalf of the Polish rebels, the Russian fleet seemed much safer near American waters than directly facing British and French navies.&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Russian%20Fleet%20Item.docx#_ftn4"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; For the Russians, fostering a sense of good will was important, but secondary to their goal of keeping their navy intact in case of a war with Britain and France.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Russian%20Fleet%20Item.docx#_ftnref1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; Albert A. Woldman. &lt;em&gt;Lincoln and the Russians. &lt;/em&gt;(Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1952), 146.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Russian%20Fleet%20Item.docx#_ftnref2"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;Ibid&lt;/em&gt;, 141.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Russian%20Fleet%20Item.docx#_ftnref3"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;Ibid&lt;/em&gt;, 147.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Russian%20Fleet%20Item.docx#_ftnref4"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt; Benjamin F. Gilbert, &amp;ldquo;Welcome to the Czar&amp;rsquo;s Fleet.&amp;rdquo; &lt;em&gt;California Historical Society Quarterly&lt;/em&gt; 26, no. 1 (Mar. 1947): 13.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Benjamin F. Gilbert, &amp;ldquo;Welcome to the Czar&amp;rsquo;s Fleet.&amp;rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;California Historical Society Quarterly&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;26, no. 1 (Mar. 1947): 13-19&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Albert A. Woldman.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Lincoln and the Russians.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1952.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>"Reactionary, Catholic and Despotic Poland."</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; The Polish Insurrection demonstrates the extent to which American diplomacy prioritized a strong relationship with Russia during the Civil War. In January 1863, protests against conscription in Poland exploded into a general rebellion against Russian rule.&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Polish%20Item.docx#_ftn1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; The official diplomatic response of the United States reveals both the geopolitical conception of Russia as an unofficial ally and the perception of Alexander II as a respectable and just ruler.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Since the &lt;em&gt;realpolitik&lt;/em&gt; of European relations in the mid-19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century had already shaped the progression of Russo-American relations, unsurprisingly the relationships between Britain, France, the United States, and Russia would shape American policy regarding Poland. In May, Britain and France requested that the United States join an official statement of disapproval.&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Polish%20Item.docx#_ftn2"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; As discussed, Britain and France had become the unofficial counterbalance to the &lt;em&gt;de facto&lt;/em&gt; alignment of the United States and Russia, and therefore the American refusal to intervene reinforced this friendship.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The language of American diplomats at that time, however, reveals that American unity was not simply a practical response to geopolitics. In his official response to the French, Secretary of State William Seward referenced the &amp;ldquo;enlightened and humane character&amp;rdquo; of Alexander II, so described for his emancipation of the serfs and &amp;ldquo;effective administration of justice.&amp;rdquo;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Polish%20Item.docx#_ftn3"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; Such high language demonstrated the respect for Russia that the American government openly espoused, especially in light of its own recent emancipation. Somewhat less appealing was the private comment of Cassius Clay, minister to Russia. In a reply to Seward in June 1863, Clay contrasted &amp;ldquo;&lt;em&gt;liberal &lt;/em&gt;Russia&amp;rdquo; with &amp;ldquo;&lt;em&gt;reactionary&lt;/em&gt;, Catholic and despotic Poland.&amp;rdquo;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Polish%20Item.docx#_ftn4"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt; At least privately, enthusiasm for Russia both as an ally and a fellow emancipator could lead American diplomats to criticize the Polish insurrection as the enemy of progressive Russian rule.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Polish%20Item.docx#_ftnref1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; Joseph Wieczerzak, &amp;ldquo;American Reactions to the Polish Insurrection.&amp;rdquo; &lt;em&gt;Polish-American Studies&lt;/em&gt; 22, no. 2. (Jul.-Dec., 1965): 92.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Polish%20Item.docx#_ftnref2"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; Benjamin Platt Thomas, &lt;em&gt;Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867&lt;/em&gt;. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930)&lt;em&gt;, &lt;/em&gt;136-137.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Polish%20Item.docx#_ftnref3"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs&lt;/em&gt;. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1864), 667.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Polish%20Item.docx#_ftnref4"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt; &amp;ldquo;American Reactions to the Polish Insurrection,&amp;rdquo; 94.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs&lt;/em&gt;. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1864.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Benjamin Platt Thomas,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867&lt;/em&gt;. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Joseph Wieczerzak, &amp;ldquo;American Reactions to the Polish Insurrection.&amp;rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Polish-American Studies&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;22, no. 2. (Jul.-Dec., 1965): 90-98.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>This portrait was one of many featured in The Blokadnitsy Project, a photo exhibit put on in CGIS South this past fall semester. The Blokadnitsy Project aimed to document the experiences of those women who survived the Siege of Leningrad in WWII. Under Tamara's story is the caption "Мы никогда не будем говорить на одном языке“ or “We will never speak the same language.” Tamara tells Bough these words at the very beginning of her story, expressing that her experiences in the blockade cannot be understood by those who have not had this experience. Despite this warning, Bough still forcibly tells Tamara's story in a neat and orderly fashion. This forced attempt to depict and understand Russia tension between translatability and untranslatability of Russian experience. Perhaps, its better to leave some aspects of another country, person, experience as a mystery. &#13;
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                <text>Bough, Jill. "Tamara: The Blokadnitsy Project." Jill Bough Photography. Accessed on May 5, 2014. &lt;http://jillboughphoto.com/projects/blokadnitsy-project/tamara/&gt;</text>
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                <text>Cassius Clay, Minister to Russia</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Cassius Marcellus Clay served as minister to Russia for two terms: first from July 14, 1861 to June 25, 1862, and again from May 7, 1863 to October 1, 1869. His tenure as minister was marked by a successful alignment of Russia with American interests during the Civil War. Clay himself seemed an unusual choice for the ministry to Russia, and it seems that his appointment to a diplomatic position was a political reward for his loyal campaigning for Lincoln.&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Cassius%20Clay%20Item.docx#_ftn1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; Clay himself was unique as a Kentucky Republican and abolitionist, and he was also known as a &amp;ldquo;firebrand&amp;rdquo; who carried &amp;ldquo;a bowie knife and two pistols&amp;rdquo; for his own defense.&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Cassius%20Clay%20Item.docx#_ftn2"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; However, these attributes seem not to have impaired his mission or the general state of Russo-American relations. Clay in fact was one of the most ideological supporters of Russia, and he never hesitated to tell both Americans and Russians that the two nations were united by more than diplomatic necessity. Upon the return of the Russian fleet from the United States, Clay explained the warm welcome given to them as American recognition of the &amp;ldquo;common cause in the advancement of humanity.&amp;rdquo;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Cassius%20Clay%20Item.docx#_ftn3"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; Although the natural alignment of Russia and the United States against Britain and France meant that good relations were bound to occur, Clay&amp;rsquo;s efforts went beyond not doing anything to impair that friendship. The gun-toting Kentuckian&amp;rsquo;s high praise of Russia provided the most forceful defense of Russo-American friendship in the Lincoln administration.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br clear="all" /&gt;&lt;hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Cassius%20Clay%20Item.docx#_ftnref1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; John Kuhn Bliemaier, &amp;ldquo;Cassius Marcellus Clay in St. Petersburg.&amp;rdquo; &lt;em&gt;The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society&lt;/em&gt; 73, no. 3 (July, 1975): 264.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Cassius%20Clay%20Item.docx#_ftnref2"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; Benjamin Platt Thomas, &lt;em&gt;Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867&lt;/em&gt;. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930)&lt;em&gt;, &lt;/em&gt;104.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Cassius%20Clay%20Item.docx#_ftnref3"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; Alexander Tarsaidze, &lt;em&gt;Czars and Presidents. &lt;/em&gt;(New York: Mcdowell Obolensky, 1958), 222.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;p&gt;John Kuhn Bliemaier, &amp;ldquo;Cassius Marcellus Clay in St. Petersburg.&amp;rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;73, no. 3 (July, 1975): 263-287.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Alexander Tarsaidze,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Czars and Presidents.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;New York: Mcdowell Obolensky, 1958.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Benjamin Platt Thomas,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867&lt;/em&gt;. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>1861-1862, 1863-1869</text>
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