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                <text>Trent Affair</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Although the &amp;ldquo;Trent Affair&amp;rdquo; did not directly involve Russia, the affair demonstrated the need for the United States to bolster its diplomatic presence against British and French interests. In November 1861, the British government reacted angrily to news that an American ship had intercepted the British ship &lt;em&gt;Trent&lt;/em&gt;. An American warship stopped the &lt;em&gt;Trent,&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;in international waters, in order to intercept &amp;ldquo;John Slidell and James Mason, Confederate emissaries to Paris and London, respectively.&amp;rdquo;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Trent%20Affair%20Item.docx#_ftn1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; Britain demanded recompense for what it considered an illegal seizure of a British ship, and ultimately the United States released Slidell and Mason on the basis that &amp;ldquo;one war at a time&amp;rdquo; was a prudent measure.&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Trent%20Affair%20Item.docx#_ftn2"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; Even with the peaceful resolution, the incident highlighted the extent of Confederate efforts to sway European powers and the less-than-favorable position that the United States held in British opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Since the Russian government had already extended its first words of support by 1861, Russia was certainly pleased to see the United States avoid open war with Britain. The Russian minister to the United States passed along a note of congratulations and reassurance &amp;ldquo;of the cordial sympathy which united the two countries.&amp;rdquo;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Trent%20Affair%20Item.docx#_ftn3"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; To emphasize this point on the world stage, the Russian government likewise sought permission from Cassius Clay to &amp;ldquo;have [the congratulations] printed in the Journal de St Petersbourg in order that it might exercise a favorable influence on European opinion.&amp;rdquo;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Trent%20Affair%20Item.docx#_ftn4"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt; In going to such public lengths to emphasize Russo-American friendship, the Russian government gave its reassurance that it supported the United States against British and French enmity.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Trent%20Affair%20Item.docx#_ftnref1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; Albert A. Woldman. &lt;em&gt;Lincoln and the Russians. &lt;/em&gt;(Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1952), 92.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Trent%20Affair%20Item.docx#_ftnref2"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;Ibid&lt;/em&gt;, 93.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Trent%20Affair%20Item.docx#_ftnref3"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; Benjamin Platt Thomas, &lt;em&gt;Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867&lt;/em&gt;. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930), 126.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Trent%20Affair%20Item.docx#_ftnref4"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;Ibid&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>Samuel Coffin</text>
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&lt;p&gt;Benjamin Platt Thomas,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867&lt;/em&gt;. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Albert A. Woldman.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Lincoln and the Russians.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1952.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>November 1861</text>
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                <text>Alexander II, Tsar and Emancipator</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Alexander II, as the Tsar-Emancipator, provided ideological abolitionists with a new face of Russia that could dispel the previous notions of Russian autocracy and despotism. As noted in the exhibit, Alexander II signed a declaration of emancipation on March 3, 1861. The emancipation of the serfs played a great role in boosting esteem of him among abolitionist Americans as a fellow reformer against forces supporting the regressive Confederacy. Thus, Edward Everett, a Massachusetts politician (and president of Harvard University),&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alexander%20II%20Item.docx#_ftn1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; wrote in glowing terms of the &amp;ldquo;enlightened Prince&amp;rdquo; who gave his support to the Union against a Confederacy openly avowing its foundation on &amp;ldquo;the cornerstone of Slavery.&amp;rdquo;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alexander%20II%20Item.docx#_ftn2"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; Cassius Clay would echo such praise after his own personal encounters with the Tsar. He told one American audience in 1862 that &amp;ldquo;not only Alexander, but &lt;em&gt;his whole family are with you&lt;/em&gt;, men, women, and children.&amp;rdquo;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alexander%20II%20Item.docx#_ftn3"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; Even if much of the Russo-American alignment had been built on resisting Britain and France, American abolitionists saw Alexander II as a personal friend and one of the few world leaders advocating a process of reform similar to that of American emancipation.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alexander%20II%20Item.docx#_ftnref1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; &amp;ldquo;Everett, Edward.&amp;rdquo; &lt;em&gt;Biographical Directory of the United States Congress&lt;/em&gt;. &amp;nbsp;http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=E000264&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alexander%20II%20Item.docx#_ftnref2"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; Edward Everett. &amp;ldquo;The Sympathy of Russia with the United States, Views of Edward Everett,&amp;rdquo; &lt;em&gt;New York Herald, &lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;reprinted in &lt;em&gt;New York Times, &lt;/em&gt;October 15, 1861.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alexander%20II%20Item.docx#_ftnref3"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; Benjamin Platt Thomas, &lt;em&gt;Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867&lt;/em&gt;. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930)&lt;em&gt;, &lt;/em&gt;129.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Edward Everett. &amp;ldquo;The Sympathy of Russia with the United States, Views of Edward Everett,&amp;rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;New York Herald,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;reprinted in&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;New York Times,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;October 15, 1861.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Everett, Edward.&amp;rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Biographical Directory of the United States Congress&lt;/em&gt;. &amp;nbsp;http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=E000264&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Benjamin Platt Thomas,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867&lt;/em&gt;. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; During the mid-1850s, the events of the Crimean War expanded what had been minimal interaction between the United States and Russia. Although the United States remained neutral during the war, the question of shipping neutrality first raised the notion that the United States and Russia could benefit from working in concert to resist British influence. The United States, throughout the war, made known to Britain and France its principle that &amp;ldquo;free ships make free goods&amp;rdquo; and that American trade, as a non-belligerent power, would not halt in Russia.&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Crimean%20War%20Item.docx#_ftn1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; Fortunately, the Crimean War passed without this becoming an active point of contention between Britain and the United States. The war still served as a hint that even before British and French involvement in the Civil War, the United States might be served by finding a counterbalance to those two countries in Russia.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The sudden flurry of diplomatic activity between the United States and Russia likewise helped to give American and Russian diplomats familiarity with each other. The Russian minister to the United States at this time, Eduard de Stoeckl, would later serve throughout the Civil War period.&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Crimean%20War%20Item.docx#_ftn2"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; Stoeckl would prove to be a key intermediary between the two countries, and he did not hesitate to make public the diplomatic notes of friendship between his two countries.&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Crimean%20War%20Item.docx#_ftn3"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; Given the positive state of relations between the two countries as a result of the Crimean War, in 1861 the United States and Russia were well-primed for further conciliation against potential British and French threats.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;div&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Crimean%20War%20Item.docx#_ftnref1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; Benjamin Platt Thomas, &lt;em&gt;Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867&lt;/em&gt;. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930), 112.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Crimean%20War%20Item.docx#_ftnref2"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; Frank A. Golder, &amp;ldquo;Russo-American Relations during the Crimean War.&amp;rdquo; &lt;em&gt;The American Historical Review&lt;/em&gt;, 31 no. 3 (April 1926): 463.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Crimean%20War%20Item.docx#_ftnref3"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; Albert A. Woldman. &lt;em&gt;Lincoln and the Russians. &lt;/em&gt;(Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1952), 130.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Frank A. Golder, &amp;ldquo;Russo-American Relations during the Crimean War.&amp;rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;The American Historical Review&lt;/em&gt;, 31 no. 3 (April 1926): 462-476.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Benjamin Platt Thomas, &lt;em&gt;Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867&lt;/em&gt;. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Albert A. Woldman. &lt;em&gt;Lincoln and the Russians. &lt;/em&gt;Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1952.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>The Moscow Conservatory </text>
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                <text>Arielle Rabinowitz</text>
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                <text>"Moscow Conservatory" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Conservatory&#13;
"Moscow State Conservatory: Grand Hall" &lt;http://www.bolshoimoscow.com/theatre/conserv_gh/info/sid=GLE_1&amp;play_date_from=01-May-2014&amp;play_date_to=31-May-2014&gt;</text>
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                <text>The Moscow Conservatory contains three different performance halls, of which the most well-known is the "Great Hall." Opened in April 1901, the hall represents one of the most famous concerts venues throughout Russia and the world. In addition, students of the conservatory have also had the opportunity to perform here in performances open to the public. Thus, the "Great Hall" has served both amateur and professional musicians over the past century, a fundamental contributor to the spread of Russian classical music. </text>
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                <text>The International Tchaikovsky Competition is a world-renowned music competition for singers, pianists, violinists and cellists held every four years at the Moscow Conservatory. The contest consists of several rounds of competition which are held in the performance halls of the Moscow Conservatory including the Great Hall. Winners of this prestigious musical contest can win up to 20,000 euros and often earn worldwide fame. Previous winners of the competition have included Van Cliburn and Deborah Voigt among others. </text>
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                <text>Tankus the Henge. "IKEA advert Russia/Россия - Smiling Makes The Day Go Quicker." Youtube.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8H5qwDOp7I. </text>
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                <text>This advertisement is at once bizarre and telling of Russian advertisements as we have experienced them throughout the course. While it begins with a young boy screaming at a poster in his room, it transforms into a cheerful family endeavor to redecorate (with items from IKEA, of course) in an image of what the happy, modern Russian family might look like. There is the quintessential grandmother, two parents, and two adorable children. (One of whom is going through a punk rock stage in her teens.) The use of Western music and clearly Western clothing choices as the teenager basks in the awesomeness of her wardrobe is a fantastic read into the lifestyle that IKEA wants to present to its Russian consumers – buy our wardrobes and fill them with plaid and jeans. This is hip, this is cool, this is modernity. Even the amount of actual stuff featured in the commercial – see the ending scene where the two children are surrounded by all the material comforts of their childhood – is telling for what it promotes as norms of this new consumer culture that the Russian middle class is now buying into. </text>
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                <text>Niyaz Kaim. "The memoirs of former Ikea boss in Russia reveal an unusual truth." Image. &#13;
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                <text>The image here is an illustration for an article detailing the memoir published by the former head of IKEA’s Russian Operations, Lennart Dahlgren. Originally from Sweden, Ms. Dalhgren was tasked with the entry of the company into the Russian market in the early 1990s but was beset by misfortune (the collapse of the Soviet Union and the liquidation of the ruble when the government defaulted on payments) until finally opening at store, then the first MEGA mall, in 2000 and 2002 respectively. [1] He chronicles his experience of doing so in his book, and warns against buying into the myths or stereotypes that one may have heard about Russia. The reality, he says, is so much different than what you could have imagined. “Those who call themselves Russia experts usually don’t understand the first thing about it,” writes Dahlgren. “People who say they don’t know much about Russia come much closer to understanding it.” [2]&#13;
&#13;
Fascinatingly, although the book has only been published in two languages (Russian and Swedish) it has been titled differently in each. In Russia, one finds “IKEA loves Russia: a story of leadership, passion and perseverance.” In Sweden one finds, “Despite Absurdity: How I Conquered Russia While It Conquered Me.” &#13;
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[1] Dahlgren, Lennart, and 2010. “The Basics of Doing Business in Russia.” Harvard Business Review. Accessed May 5, 2014. http://blogs.hbr.org/2010/10/the-basics-of-doing-business-i/.&#13;
[2] Svetlana Smetanina. “Living in Russia as a Foreigner: The Memoirs of Former Ikea Boss Reveal an Unusual Truth.” Accessed May 5, 2014. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/rbth/opinion/8478418/Living-in-Russia-as-a-foreigner-the-memoirs-of-former-Ikea-boss-reveal-an-unusual-truth.html.</text>
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                <text>"Место под солнцем." Ikea Russia. Accessed May 5, 2014. http://www.ikea.com/ru/ru/. </text>
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                <text>modest vlasov. "IKEA-DYBENKO 2013 Russia." Youtube.com. Accessed May 5, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kPgmbcZJKk. </text>
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                <text>Both hilarious and ambiguous, this music video features a cast of assumed IKEA employees who dance to the tune “Party Rock Anthem” composed by the popular American electronic dance music duo, LMFAO. Dressed as a head of broccoli, orange moose, teddy bear in pajamas, and hot dog, the characters run around a store causing some amount of mayhem, but mostly confusion to the bemused passersby who watch them. As a visual artifact the video is a phenomenal expression of the way that IKEA might be thought of by at least a small part of the Russian population who is willing to adopt the silly charade of running around filming a music video in IKEA wearing ridiculous costumes. Even if they are employees (which is an unconfirmed assumption) this supports the idea of a company culture that would inspire and encourage (or at least not repress) such a fun pastime to take place in the store during business hours. </text>
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                <text>“About IKEA Shopping Centers Russia.” Сайт Торговых Центров МЕГА. Accessed April 10, 2014. http://megamall.ru/en/company/.</text>
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                <text>Featuring the bold statement, “Welcome to the New Russia,” this cartoon illustration depicts the imagined skyscrapers (in tandem with the ever-present spires of Saint Basil’s Cathedral) in Moscow’s Khimki Park region where IKEA Russia has recently invested millions to develop a new state of the art business complex. Featured here are all of the accoutrements of modern technology and transport – a plane, helicopter, satellite, radio transmitter, automobile, truck – which suggest that these are all envisioned as part of this “new” Russia that IKEA is helping to build. Additionally, the illustration points out the commercial success of IKEA’s stores across the Russian state, mentioning the 466 billion Euros of retail turnover in 2011. Yet this impressive figure is simply one facet within the larger scheme of IKEA’s presence as the largest commercial shopping center operator in the country. In total, the cartoon portrays IKEA’s self-visioning as an integral part of the wave of modernization and commercialization taking place in Moscow today. </text>
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                <text>Vera Manykina. "Kalashnikov Machine Gun Found in IKEA Locker." Russia-IC. Accessed January 1, 2014. http://russia-ic.com/news/show/17943#.U2eVDK1dWlN.</text>
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                <text>This image portrays a somewhat romantic ideal of one of IKEA’s parking lots outside of a megastore as it sits lit up at night, a bright beacon of commerce. Reading more closely, the focus of the image on a parking lot in the first place suggests that having a car is an essential part of coming to shop at IKEA, which in turn connotes a certain level of affluence and lifestyle to the experience as well. And it is a surprisingly idyllic photo for an image of nothing else besides a parking lot against the twilight sky. Taken from a Russian news page, I suggest that this is likely a stock photo that has made its rounds through the Russian media at some point or another, and as such is representative of one way that Russians conceptualize the store and its brand – to take a cue from Fitzgerald, this is not the vanishing green light at the end of a dock but rather thousands of beaming white lights signaling the arrival of the future out of the darkening sky.</text>
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                <text>Synk Arkitektur. "Ikea Moscow." Image. Accessed May 5, 2014. http://www.synkark.se/2010/01/ikea-moscow/.</text>
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                <text>A fascinating illustration, the clearly photoshopped image here depicts the iconic “IKEA” logo in the Cyrillic alphabet (as it is used in Russia) supporting the spires and domes of the famous Saint Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow. It is important to note that the image comes from the Swedish architectural firm Synk Architekture, who seemingly designed the first megastore that IKEA opened in Moscow in 2000. Thus, one might read this image as a bold statement portraying how the Swedish conceptualize IKEA figuratively supporting Russian traditions and the idea of “Russianness” itself. Indeed the hazy blue background, making the colors of the IKEA logo and the domes of Saint Basil’s more visible in relief, gestures to the standalone nature of the illustration – IKEA and Russia are in it together, making the architectural firm’s work that much more essential and important. </text>
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                <text>Boston Symphony Orchestra Soviet Tour (1956)</text>
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                <text>Richmond, Yale. "Cultural Exchange and the Cold War: How Art Influenced Policy." Journal of Arts Management, Law &amp; Society 35 (2005): 239-245.</text>
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