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              <text>Signing of a treaty</text>
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              <text>Russia and Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</text>
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                <text>Treaty of Georgievsk</text>
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                <text>In 1783, the Treaty of Georgievsk was signed, between the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, in Eastern Georgia, under King Irlaki II, and Russia, under Catherine II. The relationship was initiated by King Irlaki II. The major elements that came out of the treaty were that King Irlaki II would submit to Russia (rather than the Ottoman empire), by way of “[determining] solemnly and precisely his duties with regard to the All-Russian Empire,” in the words of the treaty. In turn, Georgia would benefit from Russia's protection, or, according to the treaty, “the defense, support and refuge to the said [Georgian] people and to their Most Serene Sovereigns, against the oppression of their neighbors, to which they were susceptible.”&#13;
&#13;
The Treaty of Georgievsk was not an endpoint on a trajectory, but rather the beginning of a longterm relationship that extended through the time of the Soviet Union. Soon after, in 1801, Paul I of Russia annexed Georgia. &#13;
&#13;
While the incorporation of Georgia was indubitably an act of expansion, it is also an indication that Russia’s empire building and expansionist activities were not only a process of forced invasion, but could be one side of a mutually beneficial relationship. An article in The Voice of Russia points out that the treaty was helpful to both Russia and Georgia. Russia benefited from the opportunity to establish itself in the Caucasus region while, according to expert Felix Stanevsky, Georgia benefitted from a period of cultural freedom and richness. As indicated by the treaty, Gorgia also benefitted from the protection provided by Russia.</text>
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                <text>Yeltsin Presidential Library. “Treaty of Georgievsk signed 230 years ago - Eastern Georgia becomes a protectorate of Russia.” N.p. n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. &lt;http://www.prlib.ru/en-us/history/pages/item.aspx?itemid=901&gt;&#13;
&#13;
“Dialogue of Cultures.” Voice of Russia. The Voice of Russia, 31 July 2013. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. &lt;http://voiceofrussia.com/2013_07_31/Dialogue-of-cultures-4225/&gt;&#13;
&#13;
Martin, Russell E. “Treaty of Georgievsk.” Westminster. N.p. n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. &lt;http://www.westminster.edu/staff/martinre/Treaty.html&gt;&#13;
&#13;
Solaris, Saltus. “Fragmentation of Oppressed Nations as an Instrument of Keeping W. Caucasus under Russian Control.” Live Journal, 12 June 2012. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. &lt;http://baltvilks.livejournal.com/68540.html&gt;</text>
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                <text>July 24, 1783</text>
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              <text>Twenty-three years</text>
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              <text>Independence</text>
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                <text>On April 9, 1991, a national referendum established Georgia’s independence from the Soviet Union. The news came to the Georgian people on a day meant to remember the April 9, 1989 “Tbilisi Massacre.” It was reported in the Los Angeles Times that Georgians “danced in the streets” and “wept with joy;” a vote ten days before showed that more than 98 percent of those Georgians who voted preferred independence. In May of that year, Zviad Gamaskhurdia, a dissident leader, became president. &#13;
&#13;
Though diplomatic ties were established with Russia in 1992, in the wake of Georgia’s independence, tension between Russia and Georgia over the area of South Ossetia continued, escalating in a war in 2008.</text>
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                <text>Shogren, Elizabeth. “Soviet Georgia Declares Its Independence.” Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 10 Apr. 1991. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. &lt;http://articles.latimes.com/print/1991-04-10/news/mn-259_1_soviet-union&gt;&#13;
&#13;
“Freedom in the World.” Freedom House. N.p. 2012. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. &lt;http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/georgia#.Uvw-CRa62f8&gt; &#13;
&#13;
“The History of Russian-Georgian Relations.” Ria. Ria Novosti, 2 Sept. 2010. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. &lt;http://en.ria.ru/analysis/20100902/160438446.html&gt;&#13;
&#13;
Troitsky, Nikolai. “The Hazy Dawn of Georgian Independence.” Ria. Ria Novosti, 11 Apr. 2011. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. &lt;http://en.ria.ru/analysis/20110411/163471890.html&gt;&#13;
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                <text>Georgia, part 4</text>
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              <text>Twelve years</text>
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              <text>Joseph Stalin, Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, Vladimir Lenin, USSR, Bolsheviks</text>
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                <text>Joseph Stalin's journey from Georgia to St. Petersburg</text>
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                <text>Stalin was born in Gori, now a city in present-day Georgia, and spent his childhood there before traveling to Tbilisi to attend school on a scholarship. He was, however, expelled from the Georgian Orthodox Tiflis Spiritual Seminary after poor performance on his exams, and it is thought that during this time he first joined the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, a Marxist group. His early political career was spent between Tbilisi, Baku, St. Petersburg, and several exiles in Siberia (where he often escaped) as he rose through the ranks of the party. Finally, returning from his final exile in a small northern fishing village near the Arctic Circle in 1917, he took part in the October Revolution that culminated in the creation and eventually his leadership of the USSR.</text>
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                <text>1905-1917</text>
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                <text>"Stalin, Joseph." Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2001. (c) 1993-2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.&#13;
&#13;
Ekaterina Shubnaya, "Joseph Stalin." &lt;http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/leaders/joseph-stalin/&gt;&#13;
&#13;
“Statue of Limitations Runs Out for Keeping Stalin Off His Pedestal.” Wall Street Journal, October 1, 2013, sec. Page One. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304713704579091820237130970.</text>
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              <text>Georgia, Russia, South Ossetia</text>
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                <text>Georgia, Part 5</text>
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                <text>South Ossetia is an autonomous republic in Georgia that declared independence in 2008. Only a few countries – in particular, Russia, which maintains a military presence in South Ossetia – recognize its independence. &#13;
&#13;
Heavy fighting broke out between Ossetia and Georgia after the latter declared its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, and forced thousands to flee to South Ossetia. In 1992 its breakaway status remained unresolved, beginning a stalemate that led up to to an unofficial referendum in late 2006 which emphasized South Ossetian desire for independence from Georgia. Although not recognized by the international community, hostilities between South Ossetia and Georgia – and Georgia and Russia – quickly escalated in August 2008 when Georgian troops engaged with local separatist fighters and Russian troops who had been sent to protect Russian citizens in the region. &#13;
&#13;
Most recently, when the map featuring the world’s countries was displayed on the floor of the Olympic Ceremonies in Sochi, a cloud hid the region’s territories and their boundaries from view, drawing criticism from Georgia as a Russian attempt to avoid angering Georgia.</text>
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                <text>“Georgia Marks South Ossetia War Anniversary.” Accessed February 18, 2014. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/08/20138811335665683.html.&#13;
&#13;
Encyclopædia Britannica Online, s. v. "South Ossetia," accessed February 18, 2014, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556319/South-Ossetia.</text>
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                <text>Putin on a bear -- a Russian Meme </text>
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                <text>http://i.imgur.com/cgUR9F1.jpg&#13;
&#13;
(anonymous creator)</text>
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                <text>This is one of your author’s favorite Russia memes, because of the amount of meaning embedded into the image. The text implies that while Americans fight over their gun rights (“right to bear arms”), Russians are living in a parallel universe where gun rights are the least exciting part. They live in Meme Russia, where based on dashcam videos, every ride in a car is like in a video game, where the president goes hunting while shirtless and finds treasure while scuba-diving, and where giant meteors hit random towns. In short, Russians have the right to “whole bear.” This statement also really gets to the heart of the Internet’s relation with Russia – while memes certainly make fun of Russia, one can’t but notice that the nerdy young males propagating these memes are at least a little envious of a land where adventure is not just confined to video games. This meme also hits on other parts of Meme Russia, prominently displaying “Badass Putin” and through its textual humor also alluding to the Russian reversal, thus displaying the recontextualization of Soviet Russia from “advanced, feared adversary status” into a land of humorous barbarism.  </text>
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                <text>Tank Museum &#13;
http://www.tankmuseum.org/ixbin/indexplus?_IXSS_=%2524%2bwith%2bmus_catalogue%2band%2b%2528B%252a%2bin%2bmus_current_location_building%2bindex%2bmus_text_location%2529%3d%252e%26_IXMENU_%3dVehicles%26%253amus_text_location%3dBOVTM%26_IXACTION_%3dsummary%26B%252a%2bin%2bmus_current_location_building%2bindex%2bmus_text_location%3d%252e%26%253atext%3dt%252d34%26_IXMAXHITS_%3d12%26_IXtext%3dt%252d34%26_IXSESSION_%3dO6cvSRIQ2Jm%26bov_main_utility_type%3d%26_IXFPFX_%3dtemplates%252ffull%252ftvod%252ft%26%253amus_administration_name%3dVEH%26_IXDB_%3d&amp;_IXFIRST_=3&amp;_IXSPFX_=templates/full/tvod/t&amp;_IXMAXHITS_=1&amp;submit-button=summary&amp;_IXMENU_=Vehicles</text>
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                <text>This website ("the Website") is intended to enhance public access to The Tank Museum.&#13;
&#13;
All text, images and multi media files on this website are protected by internationally recognised laws of copyright and intellectual property.&#13;
&#13;
The Website contains intellectual property copyright materials and works belonging to the Trustees of The Tank Museum and others, from whom the Trustees have made all reasonable efforts to obtain full consent to publish their works and materials on the Website [and to permit their use as hereinafter specified].&#13;
&#13;
Your right to access, use, print and download from The Tank Museum website is subject to your strict compliance with the terms and conditions as set out below:&#13;
&#13;
Definitions&#13;
The "Materials" means any information, artwork, text, video, audio, animation or picture files contained and comprised in the Website in whole or any part thereof and the "Museum" means The Trustees of The Tank Museum.&#13;
&#13;
Your use of the Website&#13;
You are permitted to access, download and print pages from the Materials on a temporary basis for the sole purpose of viewing them for non-commercial personal or educational purposes.&#13;
&#13;
Prohibited Use&#13;
However, the following acts are prohibited, without the prior written consent of the Museum. To:&#13;
&#13;
1. copy, reproduce, publish, post, transmit or distribute the Materials in any kind of medium;&#13;
2. extract from, manipulate, alter or modify the Materials in any way;&#13;
3. interfere with any copyright notice originally attached to the Materials;&#13;
4. store the Materials in any medium including any other database, computer programme or website;&#13;
5. broadcast, display, perform or present the materials publicly;&#13;
6. rent, lease or lend the Materials;&#13;
7. commercially publish or exploit the Materials in any manner.&#13;
&#13;
In using the Materials you warrant to the Museum that you will not knowingly infringe its intellectual property rights nor will you knowingly breach the intellectual property rights of any third party and you will comply fully with the terms and conditions contained herein.&#13;
&#13;
To request the Museum's written permission to use the Materials for any prohibited purposes or any purpose other than the purpose permitted hereunder, you must send an e-mail to the Librarian@tankmuseum.co.uk. Please note that the Museum is not obliged to give you any such permission.&#13;
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                <text>Metal war machine, 26 tonnes, aprox. 20x10x8 feet</text>
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                <text>The T-34 is widely regarded as the most influential tank of WWII, credited (along with the Russian winter) with turning the tide against the Nazi’s in the east. The T-34 was both a technological and industrial marvel, coupling advanced engineering with a simplicity and economy of production allowed it to be the most produced tank of WWII. While the T-34, service in the Red Army was relatively short (it was already starting to be replaced by the end of 1944), the tank had a much longer life span for the Eastern Bloc and Soviet allies around the globe. The T-34’s success in WWII gives it a prominent place in the Russian national memory, and the tanks broad proliferation makes it a powerful symbol of Russia in the world.</text>
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                <text>This is an image of various Russian bond certificates over time. After purchasing a bond, an investor would receive a certificate like this. The image includes bond certificates issued by the Imperial government, the Soviet government, and by the Russian Federation. The blue and green bonds on the right hand side are issued by the modern Russian Federation and are similar to the certificates of the ruble-denominated bonds discussed below.</text>
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                <text>"Lot#931 Foreign Banknotes," accessed May 1, 2014, http://stampcircuit.com/Auction_Items/3465238?page=37.</text>
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                <text>Stamp Circuit Philatelic Services</text>
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                <text>Domestic  Ruble-Denominated Debt</text>
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                <text>This is a chart of the ruble denominated debt in Russia. It includes sovereign, municipal, and corporate debt. The scale on the right is billions of USD. The large run up in 1998 is of sovereign debt, which goes back to almost zero when the Russian's default. The vast increase after 2004 is driven by  corporate and municipal debt. For example, the amount of ruble-denominated corporate debt, skyrocketed more than 50,000% from 2002 to 2008.  </text>
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                <text>"DBDRUSQ," Global Financial Database, accessed April 27, 2014, https://www.globalfinancialdata.com/gfdplatform/Analytics.aspx.</text>
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                <text>Global Financial Database</text>
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                <text>Hunter Fortney</text>
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                <text>Hunter Fortney</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Russian 10 Year Ruble-Denominated Bond </text>
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                <text>This chart shows the yield of the 10 year ruble denominated bond. The yield on this bond spiked during periods of uncertainty such as 1998 and 2008 and declined in periods of optimism. The yield was particularly low between 2003-2008. </text>
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                <text>Hunter Fortney</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1011">
                <text>"IGRUS10D," Global Financial Database, accessed April 28, 2014, https://www.globalfinancialdata.com/gfdplatform/Analytics.aspx.</text>
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                <text>Nominal Ruble Exchange Rate</text>
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                <text>This is a graph of the nominal ruble exchange rate over time. The ruble starts at the strongest level and depreciates over time.  When the ruble was first allowed to float in 1998, it depreciated by 75% before stabilizing. The ruble depreciated again by almost 30% during the 2008 financial crisis. Besides those two sharp depreciations, the ruble has been fairly stable. </text>
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                <text>Hunter Fortney</text>
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                <text>"XRNRUSM," Global Financial Database, accessed April 28, 2014, https://www.globalfinancialdata.com/gfdplatform/Analytics.aspx.</text>
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                <text>4/28/14</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>GKO Yields</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This chart shows the  yields (on an annually adjusted basis) of Russian short-term, ruble-denominated bonds, called GKO's. During the mid-90s, foreign investors poured money into GKO's driving yields down from over 100% in 1995 to as low as 17.2% in early 1997. In 1998, when foreign investors realized the dire fiscal position of the Russian Federation, they started to repatriate their assets, driving the GKO yield up to new highs. This chart also shows how quickly the Russian government was able to issue new GKO's after the 1998 default, and at lower yields! Yields on these new GKO’s started at 17% and by 2004 dropped to only 2.4%, reflecting foreign investors perception of almost no risk in these bonds. In 2004, the Russian government stopped issuing GKO's because it no longer needed to borrow money (due to its large fiscal surplus).</text>
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                <text>Hunter Fortney</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>"Russian Monthly Interest Rates," Econ Stats, accessed May 1, 2014, http://www.econstats.com/r/rrus__m2.htm. The data originally comes from the Russian Central Bank http://www.cbr.ru/eng/statistics/print.aspx?file=credit_statistics/interest_rates_10_e.htm&amp;pid=cdps&amp;sid=svodProcStav.</text>
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                <text>Oral Interview with Melvin Scott (Ziesla Skakon's son); Horodets, last modified 2003, http://www.brest-belarus.org/br/Horodets/Horodets.i.html, accessed 4/24/2014.; Gorodets: A Quarter Century (1914-1939) last modified 2014 by Tixkor Book Project Manager, Lance Ackerfeld, http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/gorodets/gor139.html, accessed 4/24/14.;Ziesla Scottt, Ellis Island Record,  http://www.ellisisland.org/search/passRecord.asp?MID=16225958900913323072&amp;LNM=SKAKON&amp;PLNM=SKAKON&amp;first_kind=1&amp;last_kind=0&amp;TOWN=null&amp;SHIP=null&amp;RF=6&amp;pID=100120020095, accessed 4/24/14.;Journey to  America, http://www.mattivifamily.com/immigration/journey_to_america/journey_to_america.html, accessed 4/24/14. </text>
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                  <text>Here are the object biographies generated for the SW52 Unit 4 Assignment.</text>
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                <text>http://www.mintorgmuseum.ru/vocabulary/84/ -- Sturgeon caviar, from the Russian Museum of Trade website</text>
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                <text>Aluminum tins, holding between 2-9oz. of caviar in classic packaging</text>
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                <text>With an economic value that far outweighs its relatively small physical characteristics and unassuming appearance, caviar is an item whose collection, consumption, and commodification has given it one of great historical, cultural, and geopolitical significance. Originating from the roe of sturgeon in the Caspian and Black Seas, different empires and states have controlled its production over time just as it has also been used symbolically throughout the decades to voice representations of both domestic and global perceptions of Russia and quintessential “Russianness.”</text>
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20-25 years are needed for a female sturgeon to mature and produce roe that can be turned into caviar.</text>
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                <text>Raissa Zulok</text>
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                <text>Berkow, Ira. Maxwell Street: Survival in a Bazaar. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 1977. M.D.H. JAPANS SYMPATHIZERS HERE.; What Manner of Men Are They? -- Russia and the United States. Accessed April 26, 2014. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=FB0C17FA3A5416738DDDAF0894DB405B848CF1D3. Kaztauskis, Antanas. From Lithuania to the Chicago Stockyards--An Autobiography. The Independent. August 4, 1904. Leonard, Henry B. The Immigrants Protective League of Chicago 1908-1921. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1908-1984) 66, no. 3 (October 1, 1973): 271-84.</text>
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                <text>Synk Arkitektur. "Ikea Moscow." Image. Accessed May 5, 2014. http://www.synkark.se/2010/01/ikea-moscow/.</text>
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                <text>A fascinating illustration, the clearly photoshopped image here depicts the iconic “IKEA” logo in the Cyrillic alphabet (as it is used in Russia) supporting the spires and domes of the famous Saint Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow. It is important to note that the image comes from the Swedish architectural firm Synk Architekture, who seemingly designed the first megastore that IKEA opened in Moscow in 2000. Thus, one might read this image as a bold statement portraying how the Swedish conceptualize IKEA figuratively supporting Russian traditions and the idea of “Russianness” itself. Indeed the hazy blue background, making the colors of the IKEA logo and the domes of Saint Basil’s more visible in relief, gestures to the standalone nature of the illustration – IKEA and Russia are in it together, making the architectural firm’s work that much more essential and important. </text>
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