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                <text>Russian-America, Part 5</text>
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                <text>The  recent controversy surrounding Edward Snowden has again tested the relationship between Russia and the United States. On June 23, 2013, Edward Snowden, the National Security Agency contractor who leaked thousands of pages of classified information, arrived in the Moscow airport, creating a standoff between the United States and Russia. The United States requested that Russia extradite Snowden, who had been charged under the espionage act, while Russia claimed that Snowden was in the airport transit zone and not technically within Russia. After 40 days in the airport, Russia granted Snowden temporary asylum, much to the United States’ dismay. Snowden remains in Russia in an undisclosed location to this day.&#13;
Snowden's actions are representative of political dissent akin to the Rosenbergs' espionage that occured nearly half a century earlier.  Both cases pitted Russia and the U.S. against each other. The most recent case has driven a significant wedge between the two countries.</text>
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                <text>Luhn, Alec. "Edward Snowden passed time in airport reading and surfing internet." theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 1 Aug. 2013. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. &lt;http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/01/edward-snowden-airport-reading&gt;.&#13;
&#13;
Walker, Shaun. "Edward Snowden: first photo appears since Russian asylum granted." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 11 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. &lt;http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/10/edward-snowden-first-photo-russian-asylum&gt;.&#13;
&#13;
Merced, Michael. "Russia Plans to Extend Snowden Asylum, Lawmaker Says." The New York Times. The New York Times, 24 Jan. 2014. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. &lt;http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/25/world/europe/russia-plans-to-extend-snowden-asylum-lawmaker-says.html&gt;.&#13;
&#13;
RT. "Snowden can extend his asylum every year â lawyer - RT News." Snowden can extend his asylum every year - lawyer - RT News. N.p., 25 Jan. 2014. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. &lt;http://rt.com/news/snowden-extend-asylum-lawyer-176/&gt;.&#13;
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              <text>'Dymitr Samozwaniec w stroju koronacyjnym', 1606.&#13;
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                <text>Smuta v kulʹture srednevekovoĭ Rusi : ėvoli͡ut͡sii͡a drevnerusskikh mifologem v knizhnosti nachala XVII veka / D.I. Antonov. (Moscow: RGGU, 2009);Dimitry, called the Pretender, Tsar and Great Prince of all Russia, 1605-1606 [by] Philip L. Barbour. Illustrated with photos. and with maps and tables by Samuel H. Bryant. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966); Alexandr Pushkin. Boris Godunov (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia Literatura, 1966).</text>
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                <text>The figure of False Dmitrii I is, possibly, among the greatest mysteries of Russian history. His story is inherently related to the history of Russian-Polish struggle. False Dmitrii I, a pretender, who claimed to be the son of Ivan IV the Terrible, was, according to some versions, the former monk Grigorii Otrep'iev, according to others - a Polish peasant. It has been proven that False Dmitrii spent a long time living in Poland, and was married to the Polish Marina Mnishek. With the help of the latter's father, False Dmitrii gathered an army and, in 1605, established his short rule as the Russian Tsar. He was killed by the troops of Vasilii Shuiskii in May 1606.&#13;
&#13;
The Neatline represents an approximate trajectory of Lzhedmitrii's victorious campaign through Oster, Moravsk, Tchernigov,Novgorod Severskii, and Tula, to Moscow, which he triumphantly entered on June, 20, 1605.</text>
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              <text>Grigory Shelikhov</text>
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                <text>Alaska was the site of the first major Russian settlement in North America. Grigory Shelikhov (1747-1795), a fur trader, established the Three Saints Bay colony  at Kodiak Island.  For the next century this colony represented a core area for fur trading in the region and became the center of further exploration and trade.  In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward engineered the sale of the Alaskan territory from Russia to the U.S.  for $7.2 million. Alaska officially became a U.S. territory on October 18 after President Jackson signed an official treaty. &#13;
The Russian exploration of North America represented in the 18th century represented the foundation of the relationship between the two nations, foreshadowing future collaboration and conflict. </text>
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                <text>"Photo." Discover Kodiak. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. &lt;http://www.kodiak.org/image_gallery&gt;.&#13;
&#13;
"Polish/Russian - Soviet Exiles - Immigration...- Classroom Presentation | Teacher Resources - Library of Congress." Polish/Russian - Soviet Exiles - Immigration...- Classroom Presentation | Teacher Resources - Library of Congress. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. &lt;http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/immigration/polish3.html&gt;.&#13;
&#13;
"Russians Settle Alaska." History.com. A&amp;E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. &lt;http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/russians-settle-alaska&gt;.&#13;
&#13;
"Russians and East Europeans in America." Russians and East Europeans in America. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. &lt;http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~gstudies/russia/lessons/backgd.htm&gt;.&#13;
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                <text>Due to the most recent internet law, Russia is now cracking down on bloggers and other internet freedoms. This cartoon depicts negatively FSB surveillance as a way to criticize the law.</text>
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                <text>Victor Davidoff, “An Internet Censorship Law Right out of 1984,” The Moscow Times, April 27, 2014, accessed May 4, 2014, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/an-internet-censorship-law-right-out-of-1984/498982.html. </text>
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                <text>Zalkin, Mordechai. Lomza. The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Accessed April 28, 2014. http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/omza.  Ellis Island Foundation. The Ellis Island Ship Database, Finland, n.d. Accessed April 28, 2014, http://www.ellisisland.org/search/ship_passengers.asp?letter=f&amp;half=1&amp;sname=Finland&amp;year=1912&amp;sdate=12/12/1912&amp;port=Antwerp&amp;page=2. Soyer, Daniel. Jewish Immigrant Associations and American Identity in New York. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997. Cahan, Abraham. The Russian Jew in America. Atlantic Monthly LXXXII (July 1898): 263-287. Accessed April 28, 2014, http://tenant.net/Community/LES/cahan5.html.  Lowe, Heinz-Dietrich. Chapter IV - The Reign of Alexander III: From Pogroms to Counter-Reforms. Universitat Heidelburg. Online. Accessed April 28, 2014, http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/fakultaeten/philosophie/zegk/sog/loewe_artikel_the_reign.html.  Ghiuzeli, Haim F., The Jewish Community of Antwerp, Belgium. Beit Hatfutsot Museum of the Jewish People. Online. Accessed April 28, 2014. http://www.bh.org.il/database-article.aspx?48207.  Diner, Hasia R., Lower East Side Memories: A Jewish Place in America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000).  Rischin, Moses. The Promised City: New Yorks Jews 1870-1914 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962).  Holladay Claghorn, Kate. The Foreign Immigrant in New York City. Reports of the Industrial Commission, Volume XV (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1901): 465-492. Accessed April 28, 2014, http://tenant.net/Community/LES/clag1.html.  http://www.gjenvick.com/Immigration/EllisIsland/1913-01-ImmigrantsGoingThroughEllisIsland.html#axzz30CI2fiPb </text>
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                <text>This chart shows the  yields (on an annually adjusted basis) of Russian short-term, ruble-denominated bonds, called GKO's. During the mid-90s, foreign investors poured money into GKO's driving yields down from over 100% in 1995 to as low as 17.2% in early 1997. In 1998, when foreign investors realized the dire fiscal position of the Russian Federation, they started to repatriate their assets, driving the GKO yield up to new highs. This chart also shows how quickly the Russian government was able to issue new GKO's after the 1998 default, and at lower yields! Yields on these new GKO’s started at 17% and by 2004 dropped to only 2.4%, reflecting foreign investors perception of almost no risk in these bonds. In 2004, the Russian government stopped issuing GKO's because it no longer needed to borrow money (due to its large fiscal surplus).</text>
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                <text>Human Suffering</text>
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                <text>While Soviet authorities portrayed the building of the Belomor Canal as a rehabilitative process, those actually involved remembered their time less fondly. These sentiments can be seen in this tattoo, found on the body of an elderly man, who commemorated his time there with an image of skeletons working with picks, with a pledge to “dig deeper, throw further, farting steam.” This rather humorous tattoo highlights some serious issues – the Russian government substituted a paid labor force aided by machinery for slave labor using primitive tools, but nevertheless expected the project to be done at an inhuman pace. The project’s poor tools and inadequate working conditions combined with a culture where speed was prioritized and where humans were regarded as expendable and replaceable to create a human rights disaster where tens of thousands of lives were lost. </text>
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