6 15 158 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/e05b722dda51cfeb09020567f12bdb17.png 31feafad60c5dab99f320efd25deb73f Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Academic journal lithograph Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Questions of Philosophy and Psychology (early publication) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grotto, Nikolai. Questions of Philosophy and Psychology: Book 1. Runivers. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.runivers.ru/lib/book3201/10269/>. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1889 - 1918 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Lithography Language A language of the resource Originally in Russian, online translated into English Type The nature or genre of the resource Academic journal Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rena Wang Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Runivers Description An account of the resource Published between 1889 and 1918 and founded by the second Chairman of the Moscow Psychological Society and Professor and Philosophy, Nikolai Grotto, “Questions of Philosophy and Psychology” is one of the most important social and psychological publications of its time. As the beginning of a set of items on this page that reflect upon the meaning and context of a selection of the Russian Psychological Society (or the equivalent)’s publications over time, “Questions of Philosophy and Psychology” encompasses unique issues, observations, and academic inquiries regarding a broad scope of issues. Overall, this publication is particularly important because of what it represents in thinking about psychology and the evolution of the Russian Psychological Society in a global and historical context – namely, the fact that psychology, philosophy, and intricate socio-political development are always interconnected. Because the research and journalistic endeavors that fall under the umbrella of this publication’s “scope” is far from limited to just to the field of psychological research, it is excellent for tracing how intricately linked the birth of the science of psychology and the Moscow Psychological Society was to other fields, like philosophy, journalism, and politics. Although specific socio-political issues were not addressed head-on in this publication, this journal encompasses many types of articles focused on philosophy and supposed spiritual development (Zakutnyaya). In fact, even Leo Tolstoy was known to have several items published in this journal! Philosophy Psychology Science Transformation https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/972f5de6b20f2809ee661d3aeac800ea.png 7d033df0f5f1321ab1f9184fd338de1b Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Book Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Problems of Idealism (collection of essays) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rena Wang Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Yale University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1902 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Prof. Randall Poole Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Book (collection of essays) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Poole, Randall. Problems of Idealism: Essays in Russian Social Philosophy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. Print. Description An account of the resource “Problems of Idealism” is by far one of the most directly socio-politically motivated texts to have been produced by or in relation to the Moscow Psychological Society. Thus, this text is an excellent example of just how interwoven the early relationship between the field of psychology and the development of socio-political ideals truly was. This is important to keep in mind particularly when thinking about some of the later events of the Psychological Society and how they came to pass. This set of 12 essays focused on cementing the on-going philosophical and more theoretical motivations behind many of the Society’s other publications during the turn of the century. Namely, “Problems of Idealism” was a landmark socio-political publication because it made the argument for liberalism in relation to neo-liberalism (Poole). In fact, some scholars claim that not only did “Problems of Idealism” build the philosophical foundation for the later Liberation Movement in Russia, but also helped further the “social and intellectual history of Russian liberalism” as it relates to the development of the Moscow Psychological Society (Poole). Note: although the main individuals behind the publication of this set of essays were “looser” members of the Psychological Society at the time, they were still members of the Society. Politics Pre-Soviet Union Psychology https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/7cdaae5d0af0ec10dd88dc335563ff42.jpg e64026f7e4523f75165c402786d88c7b Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Publication cover Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Psychology in Russia: State of the Art Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rena Wang Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Russian Psychological Society Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 - Present Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Publication cover Type The nature or genre of the resource Academic journal Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Zinchenko, Yury & Petrenko, Viktor. " Introduction." <em>Psychology in Russia: State of the Art</em> 4 (2011): 6-12. Online. Description An account of the resource <p>After a hiatus of several years, the Russian Psychological Society starting publishing their annual peer-reviewed academic journal, “Psychology in Russia: State of the Art” in 2008. Unlike the journals from earlier in this exhibit, this journal is highly scientific and empirical in its nature and largely focuses solely on furthering the field of psychological research in Russia as well as gaining credibility for Russian psychological research on the global stage. Thus, this publication rounds out the arc of the history of psychology in Russia – specifically, “Psychology in Russia: State of the Art” represents the current state of the development of the field of psychology not only in the way that the Russian Psychological Society wants to present it to fellow scholars, but to the rest of the world. Truly, this publication is one of the best examples of Russian psychology in modern, global as well as domestic perspective. <br /><br />An excerpt from the 2011 publication’s introduction by Editors Yury Zinchenko and Viktor Petrenko perfectly encapsulates the importance of this publication as well as the current state of psychology in Russia today: “The year which passed since the last issue of this yearbook was published was marked by a considerable amount of activity by the professional community of Russian psychologists. This clearly reflects the growing role psychology as a discipline and a profession plays in the life of Russian society. Today, psychology has become very visible in Russia. It has made a miraculous transformation from a rather exotic – if not marginal – academic discipline to almost a mass occupation” (Zinchenko & Petrenko).</p> Psychology Russia today Transition https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/74983bfb6abbfa927cbe75107e886680.png c6f1b8ad16f8dbd4c0a86d91ccdd0294 Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Video documentary Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 30 minutes, 41 seconds Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mental Illness and Psychiatry in Russia (Video) <object width="640" height="480" classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always" /><param name="src" value="//www.youtube.com/v/QOT-ghCefb0?version=3&hl=en_US" /><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /><embed width="640" height="480" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="//www.youtube.com/v/QOT-ghCefb0?version=3&hl=en_US" allowFullScreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" /></object> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rena Wang Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1930 - 1960 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Video Language A language of the resource English https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/a3b40fb21065b4feecc8198d08cc4226.jpg 2fa8e8010fea6e64c607495b14e4eb76 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/42376e84e55cce73a0b18f1379479c99.mp3 643a4d53f393572ebd7c24f08fbc9783 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/f18bed1b413c9af15efe71d80214bf93.jpg 7c02ba7bc7498931b4c2a1c14088b3be Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mariam Raschberg Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rena Wang Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://www.ellisisland.org/search/passRecord.asp?MID=06159238210873810528&LNM=RAS&PLNM=RAS&last_kind=1&town_kind=0&ship_kind=0&TOWN=null&SHIP=null&RF=3223&ETHS=40&pID=604767060091, http://ukrainetrek.com/odessa-city, http://faculty.history.umd.edu/BCooperman/NewCity/Pogrom1905.html, http://www.economist.com/node/3490716 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1845-1918 Foreshadowing Migration oral history Transition vantage points https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/1ae4aeda04b1c191af20f297be681ac8.jpg 074fbe9f390d5ccdf400bdeacf96712f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Object Biographies Description An account of the resource Here are the object biographies generated for the SW52 Unit 4 Assignment. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Still Image Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lenin Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://www.esquire.com/the-side/opinion/7totalitarianwonders-4 Esquire Magazine Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Samuel Coffin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1924-01-24/1924-07-31 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Sergei Karpukhin/AP Photo ©2014 Hearst Communications, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource The preserved body of Vladimir Lenin. Description An account of the resource After the death of Lenin in 1924, his body was embalmed by the Soviet government so that it could be displayed in a mausoleum. Lenin’s corpse became the focus point of a Leninist cult of personality throughout the Soviet period, and this precedent inspired both Stalin and foreign communist leaders to will a similar practice upon their own deaths. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the question of whether to bury Lenin remains a hotly-debate topic that reflects Russia’s current struggles with its Soviet memories. Assignment: Object Bios Cult of personality Leninism Memory https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/407ed1d78c2c6c10d0f644b9be73bdb8.png 1503eb3ba0a8890c7065a5ea1d80dd58 Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Crimean War and Russo-American Relations Description An account of the resource <p>            During the mid-1850s, the events of the Crimean War expanded what had been minimal interaction between the United States and Russia. Although the United States remained neutral during the war, the question of shipping neutrality first raised the notion that the United States and Russia could benefit from working in concert to resist British influence. The United States, throughout the war, made known to Britain and France its principle that “free ships make free goods” and that American trade, as a non-belligerent power, would not halt in Russia.<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Crimean%20War%20Item.docx#_ftn1">[1]</a> Fortunately, the Crimean War passed without this becoming an active point of contention between Britain and the United States. The war still served as a hint that even before British and French involvement in the Civil War, the United States might be served by finding a counterbalance to those two countries in Russia.</p> <p>            The sudden flurry of diplomatic activity between the United States and Russia likewise helped to give American and Russian diplomats familiarity with each other. The Russian minister to the United States at this time, Eduard de Stoeckl, would later serve throughout the Civil War period.<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Crimean%20War%20Item.docx#_ftn2">[2]</a> Stoeckl would prove to be a key intermediary between the two countries, and he did not hesitate to make public the diplomatic notes of friendship between his two countries.<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Crimean%20War%20Item.docx#_ftn3">[3]</a> Given the positive state of relations between the two countries as a result of the Crimean War, in 1861 the United States and Russia were well-primed for further conciliation against potential British and French threats.</p> <div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Crimean%20War%20Item.docx#_ftnref1">[1]</a> Benjamin Platt Thomas, <em>Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867</em>. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930), 112.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Crimean%20War%20Item.docx#_ftnref2">[2]</a> Frank A. Golder, “Russo-American Relations during the Crimean War.” <em>The American Historical Review</em>, 31 no. 3 (April 1926): 463.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Crimean%20War%20Item.docx#_ftnref3">[3]</a> Albert A. Woldman. <em>Lincoln and the Russians. </em>(Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1952), 130.</p> </div> </div> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <p>Frank A. Golder, “Russo-American Relations during the Crimean War.” <em>The American Historical Review</em>, 31 no. 3 (April 1926): 462-476.<br /><br />Benjamin Platt Thomas, <em>Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867</em>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930.</p> <p>Albert A. Woldman. <em>Lincoln and the Russians. </em>Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1952.</p> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1854-1856 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Samuel Coffin Crimean War Diplomacy Military conflict Russia United States https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/e80e50a91f98797ea85a2f3ffe9eba6f.jpg 213d6e5ce739a8f8969281b0867d7417 Person An individual. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alexander II, Tsar and Emancipator Description An account of the resource <p>            Alexander II, as the Tsar-Emancipator, provided ideological abolitionists with a new face of Russia that could dispel the previous notions of Russian autocracy and despotism. As noted in the exhibit, Alexander II signed a declaration of emancipation on March 3, 1861. The emancipation of the serfs played a great role in boosting esteem of him among abolitionist Americans as a fellow reformer against forces supporting the regressive Confederacy. Thus, Edward Everett, a Massachusetts politician (and president of Harvard University),<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alexander%20II%20Item.docx#_ftn1">[1]</a> wrote in glowing terms of the “enlightened Prince” who gave his support to the Union against a Confederacy openly avowing its foundation on “the cornerstone of Slavery.”<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alexander%20II%20Item.docx#_ftn2">[2]</a> Cassius Clay would echo such praise after his own personal encounters with the Tsar. He told one American audience in 1862 that “not only Alexander, but <em>his whole family are with you</em>, men, women, and children.”<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alexander%20II%20Item.docx#_ftn3">[3]</a> Even if much of the Russo-American alignment had been built on resisting Britain and France, American abolitionists saw Alexander II as a personal friend and one of the few world leaders advocating a process of reform similar to that of American emancipation.</p> <p>           </p> <div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alexander%20II%20Item.docx#_ftnref1">[1]</a> “Everett, Edward.” <em>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</em>.  http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=E000264</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alexander%20II%20Item.docx#_ftnref2">[2]</a> Edward Everett. “The Sympathy of Russia with the United States, Views of Edward Everett,” <em>New York Herald, </em> reprinted in <em>New York Times, </em>October 15, 1861.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alexander%20II%20Item.docx#_ftnref3">[3]</a> Benjamin Platt Thomas, <em>Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867</em>. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930)<em>, </em>129.</p> </div> </div> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Samuel Coffin Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <div> <p>Edward Everett. “The Sympathy of Russia with the United States, Views of Edward Everett,” <em>New York Herald, </em> reprinted in <em>New York Times, </em>October 15, 1861.<br /><br />"Everett, Edward.” <em>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</em>.  http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=E000264</p> </div> <div> <p>Benjamin Platt Thomas, <em>Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867</em>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930.</p> </div> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 3, 1861 Alexander II Russia Serfdom https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/7138af87d408f9acf5f9837ca83b008f.JPG afe41544cac4161b90367f23faf581e9 Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trent Affair Description An account of the resource <p>            Although the “Trent Affair” did not directly involve Russia, the affair demonstrated the need for the United States to bolster its diplomatic presence against British and French interests. In November 1861, the British government reacted angrily to news that an American ship had intercepted the British ship <em>Trent</em>. An American warship stopped the <em>Trent,</em> in international waters, in order to intercept “John Slidell and James Mason, Confederate emissaries to Paris and London, respectively.”<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Trent%20Affair%20Item.docx#_ftn1">[1]</a> Britain demanded recompense for what it considered an illegal seizure of a British ship, and ultimately the United States released Slidell and Mason on the basis that “one war at a time” was a prudent measure.<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Trent%20Affair%20Item.docx#_ftn2">[2]</a> Even with the peaceful resolution, the incident highlighted the extent of Confederate efforts to sway European powers and the less-than-favorable position that the United States held in British opinion.</p> <p>            Since the Russian government had already extended its first words of support by 1861, Russia was certainly pleased to see the United States avoid open war with Britain. The Russian minister to the United States passed along a note of congratulations and reassurance “of the cordial sympathy which united the two countries.”<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Trent%20Affair%20Item.docx#_ftn3">[3]</a> To emphasize this point on the world stage, the Russian government likewise sought permission from Cassius Clay to “have [the congratulations] printed in the Journal de St Petersbourg in order that it might exercise a favorable influence on European opinion.”<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Trent%20Affair%20Item.docx#_ftn4">[4]</a> In going to such public lengths to emphasize Russo-American friendship, the Russian government gave its reassurance that it supported the United States against British and French enmity.</p> <div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Trent%20Affair%20Item.docx#_ftnref1">[1]</a> Albert A. Woldman. <em>Lincoln and the Russians. </em>(Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1952), 92.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Trent%20Affair%20Item.docx#_ftnref2">[2]</a> <em>Ibid</em>, 93.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Trent%20Affair%20Item.docx#_ftnref3">[3]</a> Benjamin Platt Thomas, <em>Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867</em>. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930), 126.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Trent%20Affair%20Item.docx#_ftnref4">[4]</a> <em>Ibid</em>.</p> </div> </div> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Samuel Coffin Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <div> <p>Benjamin Platt Thomas, <em>Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867</em>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930.<br /><br />Albert A. Woldman. <em>Lincoln and the Russians. </em>Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1952.</p> </div> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 1861 Confederacy Diplomacy Russia United Kingdom United States https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/aaba2edf1911d81cd9dca3aa73bc1e55.jpg 1baa7454b738ea5fa8485e1e9c8787c1 Person An individual. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cassius Clay, Minister to Russia Description An account of the resource <p>            Cassius Marcellus Clay served as minister to Russia for two terms: first from July 14, 1861 to June 25, 1862, and again from May 7, 1863 to October 1, 1869. His tenure as minister was marked by a successful alignment of Russia with American interests during the Civil War. Clay himself seemed an unusual choice for the ministry to Russia, and it seems that his appointment to a diplomatic position was a political reward for his loyal campaigning for Lincoln.<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Cassius%20Clay%20Item.docx#_ftn1">[1]</a> Clay himself was unique as a Kentucky Republican and abolitionist, and he was also known as a “firebrand” who carried “a bowie knife and two pistols” for his own defense.<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Cassius%20Clay%20Item.docx#_ftn2">[2]</a></p> <p>            However, these attributes seem not to have impaired his mission or the general state of Russo-American relations. Clay in fact was one of the most ideological supporters of Russia, and he never hesitated to tell both Americans and Russians that the two nations were united by more than diplomatic necessity. Upon the return of the Russian fleet from the United States, Clay explained the warm welcome given to them as American recognition of the “common cause in the advancement of humanity.”<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Cassius%20Clay%20Item.docx#_ftn3">[3]</a> Although the natural alignment of Russia and the United States against Britain and France meant that good relations were bound to occur, Clay’s efforts went beyond not doing anything to impair that friendship. The gun-toting Kentuckian’s high praise of Russia provided the most forceful defense of Russo-American friendship in the Lincoln administration.</p> <div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Cassius%20Clay%20Item.docx#_ftnref1">[1]</a> John Kuhn Bliemaier, “Cassius Marcellus Clay in St. Petersburg.” <em>The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society</em> 73, no. 3 (July, 1975): 264.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Cassius%20Clay%20Item.docx#_ftnref2">[2]</a> Benjamin Platt Thomas, <em>Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867</em>. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930)<em>, </em>104.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Cassius%20Clay%20Item.docx#_ftnref3">[3]</a> Alexander Tarsaidze, <em>Czars and Presidents. </em>(New York: Mcdowell Obolensky, 1958), 222.</p> </div> </div> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Samuel Coffin Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <div> <p>John Kuhn Bliemaier, “Cassius Marcellus Clay in St. Petersburg.” <em>The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society</em> 73, no. 3 (July, 1975): 263-287.</p> </div> <div> <p>Alexander Tarsaidze, <em>Czars and Presidents. </em>New York: Mcdowell Obolensky, 1958.<br /><br />Benjamin Platt Thomas, <em>Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867</em>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930.</p> </div> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1861-1862, 1863-1869 Cassius Clay Civil War Diplomacy Military conflict Russia United States https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/0876278a6fb456b74e13498fa1c7fe25.jpg 698001d7727cab5289566374db445d9e Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Reactionary, Catholic and Despotic Poland." Description An account of the resource <p>            The Polish Insurrection demonstrates the extent to which American diplomacy prioritized a strong relationship with Russia during the Civil War. In January 1863, protests against conscription in Poland exploded into a general rebellion against Russian rule.<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Polish%20Item.docx#_ftn1">[1]</a> The official diplomatic response of the United States reveals both the geopolitical conception of Russia as an unofficial ally and the perception of Alexander II as a respectable and just ruler.</p> <p>            Since the <em>realpolitik</em> of European relations in the mid-19<sup>th</sup> century had already shaped the progression of Russo-American relations, unsurprisingly the relationships between Britain, France, the United States, and Russia would shape American policy regarding Poland. In May, Britain and France requested that the United States join an official statement of disapproval.<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Polish%20Item.docx#_ftn2">[2]</a> As discussed, Britain and France had become the unofficial counterbalance to the <em>de facto</em> alignment of the United States and Russia, and therefore the American refusal to intervene reinforced this friendship.</p> <p>            The language of American diplomats at that time, however, reveals that American unity was not simply a practical response to geopolitics. In his official response to the French, Secretary of State William Seward referenced the “enlightened and humane character” of Alexander II, so described for his emancipation of the serfs and “effective administration of justice.”<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Polish%20Item.docx#_ftn3">[3]</a> Such high language demonstrated the respect for Russia that the American government openly espoused, especially in light of its own recent emancipation. Somewhat less appealing was the private comment of Cassius Clay, minister to Russia. In a reply to Seward in June 1863, Clay contrasted “<em>liberal </em>Russia” with “<em>reactionary</em>, Catholic and despotic Poland.”<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Polish%20Item.docx#_ftn4">[4]</a> At least privately, enthusiasm for Russia both as an ally and a fellow emancipator could lead American diplomats to criticize the Polish insurrection as the enemy of progressive Russian rule.</p> <div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Polish%20Item.docx#_ftnref1">[1]</a> Joseph Wieczerzak, “American Reactions to the Polish Insurrection.” <em>Polish-American Studies</em> 22, no. 2. (Jul.-Dec., 1965): 92.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Polish%20Item.docx#_ftnref2">[2]</a> Benjamin Platt Thomas, <em>Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867</em>. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930)<em>, </em>136-137.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Polish%20Item.docx#_ftnref3">[3]</a> <em>Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs</em>. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1864), 667.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Polish%20Item.docx#_ftnref4">[4]</a> “American Reactions to the Polish Insurrection,” 94.</p> </div> </div> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Samuel Coffin Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <div> <p><em>Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs</em>. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1864.</p> </div> <div> <p>Benjamin Platt Thomas, <em>Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867</em>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930.<br /><br />Joseph Wieczerzak, “American Reactions to the Polish Insurrection.” <em>Polish-American Studies</em> 22, no. 2. (Jul.-Dec., 1965): 90-98.</p> </div> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 1863-1864 Diplomacy France Poland Russia United Kingdom United States https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/67292b7a04aaed17cb7b57d2f4269f9e.jpg 9872633246f3c0616e91ea5d39fbfa63 Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Russian Fleet Comes to America Description An account of the resource <p>            On September 24, 1863, Russian ships suddenly appeared off the coast of New York City. Although the appearance of a foreign navy during the Civil War might seem to have been menacing, both the American government and private society welcomed the presence of the Russian fleet.</p> <p>            Both the diplomatic reception to an unexpected naval visit and the lavish private receptions in New York City demonstrate the extent to which Russia had been established as a friendly power. One reception for the Russian officers served “twelve thousand oysters, twelve hundred game birds, and three thousand five hundred bottles of wine.”<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Russian%20Fleet%20Item.docx#_ftn1">[1]</a> The official receptions were no less dramatic, and Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles gave the Russians open access to visit the Brooklyn navy yard.<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Russian%20Fleet%20Item.docx#_ftn2">[2]</a>  In December, Secretary Seward received the Russians in Washington, D.C., and Mary Todd Lincoln herself gave “a toast to the health of the Czar.”<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Russian%20Fleet%20Item.docx#_ftn3">[3]</a> The warm reception reiterated the level of friendship between the two countries, such that a Russian fleet could suddenly arrive on the East Coast and be feted.</p> <p>            Russia’s dispatch of ships to New York, and later San Francisco, came not necessarily as a show of support for the Union, but rather out of fear of British and French intervention in Poland. Since the United States had declined interest in intervention on behalf of the Polish rebels, the Russian fleet seemed much safer near American waters than directly facing British and French navies.<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Russian%20Fleet%20Item.docx#_ftn4">[4]</a>  For the Russians, fostering a sense of good will was important, but secondary to their goal of keeping their navy intact in case of a war with Britain and France.</p> <div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Russian%20Fleet%20Item.docx#_ftnref1">[1]</a> Albert A. Woldman. <em>Lincoln and the Russians. </em>(Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1952), 146.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Russian%20Fleet%20Item.docx#_ftnref2">[2]</a> <em>Ibid</em>, 141.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Russian%20Fleet%20Item.docx#_ftnref3">[3]</a> <em>Ibid</em>, 147.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Russian%20Fleet%20Item.docx#_ftnref4">[4]</a> Benjamin F. Gilbert, “Welcome to the Czar’s Fleet.” <em>California Historical Society Quarterly</em> 26, no. 1 (Mar. 1947): 13.</p> </div> </div> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Samuel Coffin Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <div> <p>Benjamin F. Gilbert, “Welcome to the Czar’s Fleet.” <em>California Historical Society Quarterly</em> 26, no. 1 (Mar. 1947): 13-19</p> </div> <div> <p>Albert A. Woldman. <em>Lincoln and the Russians. </em>Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1952.</p> </div> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 1863-April 1864 Diplomacy Navy Russia United States https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/7e69a7395e1b3ada234fe55334e4ada4.jpg 0460a4c92762b00329b618de63b23fed Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Purchase of Russian Alaska Description An account of the resource <p>Although the American purchase of Alaska occurred after the Civil War, the treaty came about as a result of the same diplomatic circumstances that brought about Russo-American cooperation during the Civil War. The antagonism between Russia and Britain had played a significant role in fostering Russia’s open diplomatic support for the Union, and fears of war over Poland had driven Russia to send its fleet on their 1863 visit to the United States.</p> <p>In fact, Russia had been hoping to dispose of Alaska in some way even before the Civil War, out of fear that the United Kingdom could easily seize it.<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alaska%20Item.docx#_ftn1">[1]</a> Selling the territory to the United States, according to both Clay and the Russian minister to the United States, would in fact play a dual role in countering British power on the Pacific. In addition to keeping Alaska out of the hands of the British, the sale of Alaska may have been driven by the hope of “expulsion of England from the whole Pacific coast of North America.”<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alaska%20Item.docx#_ftn2">[2]</a> As with Russian alignment against Britain and France during the Civil War, the exigencies of geopolitics played a significant role in fostering this agreement over Alaska.</p> <p>Famously, the purchase of Alaska by the United States was greeted with much derision at the time. Despite some public outcry over purchasing the “Russian Fairyland,”<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alaska%20Item.docx#_ftn3">[3]</a> the annexation of Alaska was indeed secured in 1867 for the sum of $7.2 million.<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alaska%20Item.docx#_ftn4">[4]</a></p> <div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alaska%20Item.docx#_ftnref1">[1]</a> Benjamin Platt Thomas, <em>Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867</em>. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930), 145.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alaska%20Item.docx#_ftnref2">[2]</a> <em>Ibid</em>, 165n66.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alaska%20Item.docx#_ftnref3">[3]</a> Thomas A. Bailey. <em>America Faces Russia </em>(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1950)<em>, </em>103.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Samuel/Dropbox/Harvard/SW%2052/Final%20Project/Alaska%20Item.docx#_ftnref4">[4]</a> <em>Ibid¸ </em>102.</p> </div> </div> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Samuel Coffin Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <div> <p>Thomas A. Bailey. <em>America Faces Russia. </em>Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1950.<br /><br />Benjamin Platt Thomas, <em>Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867</em>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1930.</p> </div> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1867 Alaska Diplomacy Places Russia United States https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/e831408d9b9c10efc838a4592105c6f8.jpg e872d33c868940f5f5b880567ea7389b https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/72f8b02f347cf77458ed794e820895c4.mp3 4afccd25e975ca3bcf2996d940894bbd https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/a4a40794d1823bf3c6aed8eb901591c2.jpg 5b229f495c22ef80831ca53236b99074 Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Abraham Selinger Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Samuel Coffin Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Rosen, Robert N. The Jewish Confederates. Univ of South Carolina Press, 2000.; Weeks, Theodore R. From assimilation to antisemitism: the" Jewish question" in Poland, 1850-1914. Northern Illinois Univ Pr, 2006.; Wieczerzak, Joseph. "American Reactions to the Polish Insurrection of 1863." Polish American Studies (1965): 90-98.; Ashkenazi, Elliott. The business of Jews in Louisiana, 1840-1875. University of Alabama Press, 1988. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1834-1904? Immigration Jews New Orleans oral history vantage points https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/russiaglobal/original/56ea73705eff5d4f08441bc01eed492b.png 7cb2fb349d46973d0c92fd47913c6ecb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource New York Times Headlines - May 20, 1918 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The New York Times Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "WASHINGTON SEES CHANCE TO BRING RUSSIA BACK IN WAR." The New York Times 20 May 1918: 1. Print. Description An account of the resource Headline from the front page of The New York Times, May 20, 1918. This headline was cited in Lippman and Merz’s A Test of the News as an example of the bluntly interventionist positions present in purportedly objective news articles. There are a number of particularly notable elements in this headline. Note the use of “Russia” to mean Tsarist Russia, months after the Bolshevik Revolution. The Bolsheviks are unabashedly referred to as “foe.” Who’s foe? The foe of the Tsarist regime, or the foe of the United States? In this case it seems to be both. Also of note is the unclear attribution of the opinions presented. The uppermost headline is clearly from the perspective of Washington, but the following headlines present claims of unclear origin. “View is Taken” could mean Washington’s view or the view of the article. Again, in this case it is both. In presenting the view of the state department as factual truth, a headline such as this could be used to validate the communist argument that the mainstream media is simply a mouthpiece for the American government. Lippman and Merz argue that these biases are not necessarily products of conscious propaganda but of the authors’ own biases, of which the assumed reference of words like “Russia” and “foe” are examples. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The New York Times