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                <text>In 1917 in Fatima, Portugal, accompanying a miracle that was seen by 50,000 people, three young children, including Lucia de Jesus Santos, saw  several apparitions of the Virgin Mary. One of the messages was a vivid vision of hell. Another of her messages of the Virgin was that the Pope needed to consecrate Russia to her Immaculate Heart, and then there would be a period of world peace and Russia would be converted. On the other hand, if there was no such consecration, then "Russia would spread her errors" and there would be war and persecution of the Church. The Pope issued several consecrations of the entire world to Mary's Immaculate Heart over the decades, and eventually Russia in particular was consecrated in 1952. Although there is still some controversy over whether the Pope fulfilled the specific conditions, Sister Lucia says that Russia was indeed consecrated in a valid way.</text>
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                <text>"Fatima: A Grace For Mankind." Accessed 4 May 2014 &lt;http://www.ewtn.com/fatima/&gt;.&#13;
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                <text>Paul in Damascus</text>
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                <text>The Apostle Paul preaching in the synagogue of Damascus. Paul was a Jewish rabbi and persecutor of Christians until he became a Christian. While before this point all of the Christians were of Jewish background, God sent Paul to preach the Gospel to the Gentiles. It was Paul who set out the theology that Jews and Gentiles who believe in Christ as their Lord and Savior are equal in the eyes of God, "for God shows no partiality." (Epistle to the Romans, 2:11) Paul preached this message of righteousness by faith throughout the Mediterranean, persecuted by Jews and Gentiles alike. Besides his preaching, he expounded this message in writing in several of the books of the New Testament (Epistles to the Romans and Galatians, in particular). If even the Jews, who were originally the sole inheritors of the promises to God, are no longer exceptional, then how could the Russians be?</text>
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                <text>Drovdahl, Robert. "Close to Corinth." Accessed 4 May 2014 &lt;https://spu.edu/depts/uc/response/new/2012-spring/bible-theology/close-to-corinth.asp&gt;. (image)</text>
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                <text>c. AD 35</text>
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                <text>Cathedral in Moscow</text>
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                <text>The Roman Catholic Cathedral in Moscow. The Catholic Church is not interested in "poaching" the Orthodox faithful in Russia from their Orthodox congregations, but rather in preaching the Gospel to unbelievers in Russia. Despite bouts of intense persecution, the Catholic Church in Russia is now growing rapidly. Unthinkable under the Soviet years, they now even use beautiful buildings like the pictured cathedral.  The upgrading  in the administrative structure of the Catholic Church in Russia  helped to contribute to the construction of buildings like this, but it also caused intense controversy in the earlier part of the last decade. The fact that this controversy seems to be cooling down at least somewhat and the Catholics can use this building in peace is a positive indicator for the Catholic hopes of reconciliation.  By their particular presence in Moscow, home of the Patriarchate of the largest Orthodox Church, they hope to work to narrow the Great Schism of 1054 that separates Western Christianity from Eastern Christianity. </text>
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                <text>Picture from Rzhevsky, Sergei. "Picturesque Catholic Cathedral of Moscow City." 11 January 2014. Accessed 4 May 2014 &lt;http://russiatrek.org/blog/photos/picturesque-catholic-cathedral-of-moscow-city/&gt;.</text>
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                <text>Driving Ahead: American Perspectives on Soviet Workers</text>
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                <text>Published by International Workers of the World&#13;
Distributed by New York University, Labor Arts Collection:&#13;
American Social History and Social Movements&#13;
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                <text>1919, 1929</text>
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                <text>http://www.laborarts.org/collections/item.cfm?itemid=205</text>
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                <text>New York University, Labor Arts Collection</text>
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                <text>The covers of American labor magazine paint a vivid picture of an evolving the leftist perspective on the Soviet Union.  The 1919 cover of a pamphlet by Abner Woodruff depicts a single worker, symbolizing the mass of the proletariat, looming over a city. He is in the peak of fitness: young, muscular and handsome. In 1919, spread of communism was in its early stages, full of hope and vitality. In the 1929 cover of Labor Defender, a headline (slightly cut off in this image) reads "The Soviet Union drives ahead!" Again, the figure of the worker looms above us. But she is driving, rather than climbing. The symbol of the "advancing worker" remained powerful but evolved over the course of  a decade. The contrast between the climb depicted in 1919 and the sedentary posture of 1929 is particularly striking. </text>
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                <text>http://www.laborarts.org/collections/item.cfm?itemid=205&#13;
http://www.laborarts.org/collections/item.cfm?itemid=174</text>
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                <text>Proclamation by the Communist Party, USA Central Executive Council, 1919</text>
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                <text>Tamiment Library, New York University. &#13;
https://www.flickr.com/photos/tamiment/887446344/in/set-72157603091842255/</text>
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                <text>New York Times Headlines - May 20, 1918</text>
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                <text>Headline from the front page of The New York Times, May 20, 1918. This headline was cited in Lippman and Merz’s A Test of the News as an example of the bluntly interventionist positions present in purportedly objective news articles.  There are a number of particularly notable elements in this headline. Note the use of “Russia” to mean Tsarist Russia, months after the Bolshevik Revolution. The Bolsheviks are unabashedly referred to as “foe.” Who’s foe? The foe of the Tsarist regime, or the foe of the United States? In this case it seems to be both.  Also of note is the unclear attribution of the opinions presented. The uppermost headline is clearly from the perspective of Washington, but the following headlines present claims of unclear origin. “View is Taken” could mean Washington’s view or the view of the article. Again, in this case it is both. &#13;
&#13;
In presenting the view of the state department as factual truth, a headline such as this could be used to validate the communist argument that the mainstream media is simply a mouthpiece for the American government. Lippman and Merz argue that these biases are not necessarily products of conscious propaganda but of the authors’ own biases, of which the assumed reference of words like “Russia” and “foe” are examples.</text>
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                <text>This epigraph accompanied each edition of The Vanguard Studies of Soviet Russia.  Presumably composed by Davis, it is particularly curious for its poetic sincerity in contrast to the relatively dry texts on such subjects as Soviet economic organization. In its carefully structured line breaks it brackets the periods of turmoil and the struggle for freedom, narrowing towards the ultimate symbol – the common people. It functions to bind the series’ quest for facts with a cultural picture of what it means to be Russian in the Soviet era. Several words jump out as characteristic of the leftist media’s cultural portrayal of the Soviet Union. Brotherhood is of course a founding idea, but this equality is characterized by the “sincere” populous. &#13;
&#13;
In this exhibit, this epigraph is used to capture the tone of leftist writing about Russia, after a decade of vibrant communist publications. Such a dedication, and the way it characterizes the Russian populous, I will argue, are products of the cultural aesthetic presented during the years immediately following the Revolution. &#13;
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                <text>Construction on Moscow’s Cathedral of the Dormition began in 1326, the same year that the metropolitanate of Kiev and All Rus’ made its way to Moscow ("History of the Cathedral"). The relics of Metropolitan Peter, one of the metropolitans canonized preceding the establishment of the Patriarchate of Moscow, were housed within the cathedral. Ivan III, the first Muscovite prince to adopt the title of tsar, called for the structure to be rebuilt in 1475 (“Cathedral of the Dormition"). Beginning with the coronation of Ivan IV in 1547, the Cathedral of the Dormition was the site of all coronations of the Russian tsars. The metropolitans and patriarchs of Moscow were also installed and buried within the cathedral. After the Russian Revolution, services were stopped and the Cathedral of the Dormition served as a museum. Services were resumed in 1990, and the Russian Orthodox Church regained possession of the cathedral in 1991 ("History of the Cathedral"). Today, the Cathedral of the Dormition is a popular tourist attraction in Moscow. </text>
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                <text>Kruczynski, Daniel. Dormition Cathedral, Moscow. N. p., 2009. Wikimedia Commons. Web. 3 May 2014.&#13;
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Moscow Kremlin State Historical and Cultural Museum and Heritage Site. “History of the Cathedral.” Moscow Kremlin Museum. N. p., 2014.&#13;
&#13;
State Museums of the Moscow Kremlin. “Cathedral of the Dormition.” Moscow Kremlin. N. p., 2006. Web. 2 Apr. 2014.</text>
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                <text>&lt;p class="p1"&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;American journalists John Reed and Louise Bryant provided vivid accounts of their first-hand experiences of the October Revolution. Reed published his experiences in the book &lt;em&gt;Ten Days that Shook the World.&lt;/em&gt; Bryant published &lt;em&gt;Six Red Months in Russia&lt;/em&gt;. Both were prolific contributors to the socialist political and literary magazines of the time including A Revolutionary Age, The Communist, The Masses, and The Liberator, among others, in addition to mainstream media outlets. Bryant, in particular was widely published by Hearst media and became known for her sympathetic coverage of the Bolsheviks. As talented writers and witnesses to the Revolution, and on the basis of their access to leading Bolshevik political figures including Lenin and Trotsky, the couple became powerful voices for the &amp;ldquo;truth of Russia&amp;rdquo; during the immediate post-Revolutionary period.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;p class="p1"&gt;&lt;span class="s1"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;ldquo;On the grey horizon of human existence looms a great giant called Working Class Consciousness&amp;hellip; It all depends on us whether he will turn into a loathsome, ugly monster demanding human sacrifices or whether he shall be the saviour of mankind. We must use great foresight, patience, understanding.... We must somehow make an honest effort to understand what is happening in Russia.&amp;rdquo; - Louise Bryant, &lt;/em&gt;Six Red Months in Russia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>American journalists John Reed and Louise Bryant provided vivid accounts of their first-hand experiences of the October Revolution. Reed published his experiences in the book&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Ten Days that Shook the World.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;Braynt published &lt;em&gt;Six Red Months in Russia&lt;/em&gt;. Both were prolific contributors to the socialist political and literary magazines of the time including&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;A Revolutionary Age&lt;/em&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;The Communist&lt;/em&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;The Masses&lt;/em&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;The Liberator,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;among others.</text>
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                <text>Vladimir I, born in 956, was a grand prince of Kiev, and was to become Kievan Rus’ first Christian ruler (“Vladimir I”). Vladimir was great-grandson to St. Olga, a princess considered to be one of the first converts to Christianity in Russia. Before his conversion to Christianity, Vladimir was husband to several wives and engaged in human sacrifice. He was approached by the Byzantine Emperor, Basil II, for military support at a time when the Byzantine Empire was weakened by rebellion. This decision would come back to haunt Basil. Vladimir agreed to provide soldiers, on the condition that he would be awarded with marriage to Basil’s sister. Military service completed, Basil reneged on his agreement, but Vladimir would not accept the refusal. He attacked Kherson, a Byzantine stronghold in Crimea, and Basil sent his sister north (Sevcenko, 50). Vladimir was baptized prior to the wedding, and many of his nobles followed suit. He remains a popular figure in Russia today, and his feast day is July 15 (“Vladimir I”).</text>
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                <text>Britannica Online Encyclopedia. “Vladimir I (grand Prince of Kiev).” Encyclopaedia Britannica 2014. Web. 3 May 2014. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Academic Edition.&#13;
&#13;
Sevcenko, Ihor. “The Christianization of Kievan Rus’.” The Polish Review 5.4 (1960): 29–35. Print.&#13;
&#13;
Vasnetsov, Viktor M. Крещение Князя Владимира. Фрагмент Росписи Владимирского Собора В Киеве. N. p., 1885. Wikimedia Commons. Web. 4 May 2014.&#13;
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